Arora, NK, Nair, MKC, Gulati, S, Deshmukh, V, Mohapatra, A, Mishra, D, Patel, V, Pandey, RM, Das, BC, Divan, G, Murthy, GVS, Sharma, TD, Sapra, S, Aneja, S, Juneja, M, Reddy, SK, Suman, P, Mukherjee, SB, Dasgupta, R, Tudu, P, Das, MK, Bhutani, VK, Durkin, MS, Pinto-Martin, J, Silberberg, DH, Sagar, R, Ahmed, F, Babu, N, Bavdekar, S, Chandra, V, Chaudhuri, Z, Dada, T, Dass, R, Gourie-Devi, M, Remadevi, S, Gupta, JC, Handa, KK, Kalra, V, Karande, S, Konanki, R, Kulkarni, M, Kumar, R, Maria, A, Masoodi, MA, Mehta, M, Mohanty, SK, Nair, H, Natarajan, P, Niswade, AK, Prasad, A, Rai, SK, Russell, PSS, Saxena, R, Sharma, S, Singh, AK, Singh, GB, Sumaraj, L, Suresh, S, Thakar, A, Parthasarathy, S, Vyas, B, Panigrahi, A, Saroch, MK, Shukla, R, Rao, KVR, Silveira, MP, Singh, S and Vajaratkar, V. 2018. Neurodevelopmental disorders in children aged 2–9 years: Population-based burden estimates across five regions in India. [Online]. PLOS Medicine. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002615.s009
Arora, NK, Nair, MKC, Gulati, S, Deshmukh, V, Mohapatra, A, Mishra, D, Patel, V, Pandey, RM, Das, BC, Divan, G, Murthy, GVS, Sharma, TD, Sapra, S, Aneja, S, Juneja, M, Reddy, SK, Suman, P, Mukherjee, SB, Dasgupta, R, Tudu, P, Das, MK, Bhutani, VK, Durkin, MS, Pinto-Martin, J, Silberberg, DH, Sagar, R, Ahmed, F, Babu, N, Bavdekar, S, Chandra, V, Chaudhuri, Z, Dada, T, Dass, R, Gourie-Devi, M, Remadevi, S, Gupta, JC, Handa, KK, Kalra, V, Karande, S, Konanki, R, Kulkarni, M, Kumar, R, Maria, A, Masoodi, MA, Mehta, M, Mohanty, SK, Nair, H, Natarajan, P, Niswade, AK, Prasad, A, Rai, SK, Russell, PSS, Saxena, R, Sharma, S, Singh, AK, Singh, GB, Sumaraj, L, Suresh, S, Thakar, A, Parthasarathy, S, Vyas, B, Panigrahi, A, Saroch, MK, Shukla, R, Rao, KVR, Silveira, MP, Singh, S and Vajaratkar, V. Neurodevelopmental disorders in children aged 2–9 years: Population-based burden estimates across five regions in India [Internet]. PLOS Medicine; 2018. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002615.s009
Arora, NK, Nair, MKC, Gulati, S, Deshmukh, V, Mohapatra, A, Mishra, D, Patel, V, Pandey, RM, Das, BC, Divan, G, Murthy, GVS, Sharma, TD, Sapra, S, Aneja, S, Juneja, M, Reddy, SK, Suman, P, Mukherjee, SB, Dasgupta, R, Tudu, P, Das, MK, Bhutani, VK, Durkin, MS, Pinto-Martin, J, Silberberg, DH, Sagar, R, Ahmed, F, Babu, N, Bavdekar, S, Chandra, V, Chaudhuri, Z, Dada, T, Dass, R, Gourie-Devi, M, Remadevi, S, Gupta, JC, Handa, KK, Kalra, V, Karande, S, Konanki, R, Kulkarni, M, Kumar, R, Maria, A, Masoodi, MA, Mehta, M, Mohanty, SK, Nair, H, Natarajan, P, Niswade, AK, Prasad, A, Rai, SK, Russell, PSS, Saxena, R, Sharma, S, Singh, AK, Singh, GB, Sumaraj, L, Suresh, S, Thakar, A, Parthasarathy, S, Vyas, B, Panigrahi, A, Saroch, MK, Shukla, R, Rao, KVR, Silveira, MP, Singh, S and Vajaratkar, V (2018). Neurodevelopmental disorders in children aged 2–9 years: Population-based burden estimates across five regions in India. [Data Collection]. PLOS Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002615.s009
Description
BACKGROUND: Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) compromise the development and attainment of full social and economic potential at individual, family, community, and country levels. Paucity of data on NDDs slows down policy and programmatic action in most developing countries despite perceived high burden. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We assessed 3,964 children (with almost equal number of boys and girls distributed in 2-<6 and 6-9 year age categories) identified from five geographically diverse populations in India using cluster sampling technique (probability proportionate to population size). These were from the North-Central, i.e., Palwal (N = 998; all rural, 16.4% non-Hindu, 25.3% from scheduled caste/tribe [SC-ST] [these are considered underserved communities who are eligible for affirmative action]); North, i.e., Kangra (N = 997; 91.6% rural, 3.7% non-Hindu, 25.3% SC-ST); East, i.e., Dhenkanal (N = 981; 89.8% rural, 1.2% non-Hindu, 38.0% SC-ST); South, i.e., Hyderabad (N = 495; all urban, 25.7% non-Hindu, 27.3% SC-ST) and West, i.e., North Goa (N = 493; 68.0% rural, 11.4% non-Hindu, 18.5% SC-ST). All children were assessed for vision impairment (VI), epilepsy (Epi), neuromotor impairments including cerebral palsy (NMI-CP), hearing impairment (HI), speech and language disorders, autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), and intellectual disability (ID). Furthermore, 6-9-year-old children were also assessed for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and learning disorders (LDs). We standardized sample characteristics as per Census of India 2011 to arrive at district level and all-sites-pooled estimates. Site-specific prevalence of any of seven NDDs in 2-<6 year olds ranged from 2.9% (95% CI 1.6-5.5) to 18.7% (95% CI 14.7-23.6), and for any of nine NDDs in the 6-9-year-old children, from 6.5% (95% CI 4.6-9.1) to 18.5% (95% CI 15.3-22.3). Two or more NDDs were present in 0.4% (95% CI 0.1-1.7) to 4.3% (95% CI 2.2-8.2) in the younger age category and 0.7% (95% CI 0.2-2.0) to 5.3% (95% CI 3.3-8.2) in the older age category. All-site-pooled estimates for NDDs were 9.2% (95% CI 7.5-11.2) and 13.6% (95% CI 11.3-16.2) in children of 2-<6 and 6-9 year age categories, respectively, without significant difference according to gender, rural/urban residence, or religion; almost one-fifth of these children had more than one NDD. The pooled estimates for prevalence increased by up to three percentage points when these were adjusted for national rates of stunting or low birth weight (LBW). HI, ID, speech and language disorders, Epi, and LDs were the common NDDs across sites. Upon risk modelling, noninstitutional delivery, history of perinatal asphyxia, neonatal illness, postnatal neurological/brain infections, stunting, LBW/prematurity, and older age category (6-9 year) were significantly associated with NDDs. The study sample was underrepresentative of stunting and LBW and had a 15.6% refusal. These factors could be contributing to underestimation of the true NDD burden in our population. CONCLUSIONS: The study identifies NDDs in children aged 2-9 years as a significant public health burden for India. HI was higher than and ASD prevalence comparable to the published global literature. Most risk factors of NDDs were modifiable and amenable to public health interventions.
Keywords
Data capture method | Unknown |
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Date (Date published in a 3rd party system) | 24 July 2018 |
Language(s) of written materials | English |
Data Creators | Arora, NK, Nair, MKC, Gulati, S, Deshmukh, V, Mohapatra, A, Mishra, D, Patel, V, Pandey, RM, Das, BC, Divan, G, Murthy, GVS, Sharma, TD, Sapra, S, Aneja, S, Juneja, M, Reddy, SK, Suman, P, Mukherjee, SB, Dasgupta, R, Tudu, P, Das, MK, Bhutani, VK, Durkin, MS, Pinto-Martin, J, Silberberg, DH, Sagar, R, Ahmed, F, Babu, N, Bavdekar, S, Chandra, V, Chaudhuri, Z, Dada, T, Dass, R, Gourie-Devi, M, Remadevi, S, Gupta, JC, Handa, KK, Kalra, V, Karande, S, Konanki, R, Kulkarni, M, Kumar, R, Maria, A, Masoodi, MA, Mehta, M, Mohanty, SK, Nair, H, Natarajan, P, Niswade, AK, Prasad, A, Rai, SK, Russell, PSS, Saxena, R, Sharma, S, Singh, AK, Singh, GB, Sumaraj, L, Suresh, S, Thakar, A, Parthasarathy, S, Vyas, B, Panigrahi, A, Saroch, MK, Shukla, R, Rao, KVR, Silveira, MP, Singh, S and Vajaratkar, V |
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LSHTM Faculty/Department | Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases > Dept of Clinical Research |
Research Centre | International Centre for Eye Health |
Participating Institutions | London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom |
Date Deposited | 19 Oct 2022 14:25 |
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Last Modified | 19 Oct 2022 14:25 |
Publisher | PLOS Medicine |