Table 2.
        Crude associations with cytokine response to crude culture filtrate proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in five year olds who received BCG immunisation at birth.
Factor1,IFN-γ,IL-5,IL-13,IL-10
Geometric mean2,Crude GMR (95%CI)3,Geometric mean2,Crude GMR (95%CI)3,Geometric mean2,Crude GMR (95%CI)3,Geometric mean2,Crude GMR (95%CI)3
Socio-demographic characteristics
Maternal age at enrolment,,1.00 (0.98–1.03),,1.02 (1.00–1.04),,1.01 (0.99–1.04),,1.01 (0.99–1.02)
Parity,,0.98 (0.90–1.05),,1.03 (0.97–1.09),,1.00 (0.93–1.07),,0.98 (0.93–1.03)
Maternal education
 None/primary,169.0,1,5.7,1,25.7,1,50.7,1
 Secondary/tertiary,163.3,0.97 (0.74–1.29),5.7,0.99 (0.79–1.24),25.5,0.99 (0.76–1.28),50.6,1.00 (0.84–1.21)
Household SES,,0.99 (0.90–1.12),,0.94 (0.86–1.03),,0.97 (0.87–1.07),,0.97 (0.90–1.05)
Household crowding,,1.05 (0.94–1.16),,1.03 (0.94–1.12),,1.06 (0.95–1.17),,1.03 (0.95–1.10)
Location of residence
 Urban,197.7,1,6.3,1,29.2,1,51.6,1
 Rural,114.3,0.58 (0.42–0.76),4.7,0.75 (0.60–0.95),19.4,0.66 (0.50–0.87),48.0,0.93 (0.75–1.11)
Maternal characteristics
Schistosoma mansoni
 No,171.2,1,5.7,1,25.5,1,51.0,1
 Yes,146.4,0.86 (0.58–1.20),5.9,1.03 (0.97–1.09),26.9,1.06 (0.77–1.44),48.7,0.95 (0.73–1.18)
Hookworm
 No,159.2,1,5.9,1,25.8,1,48.9,1
 Yes,176.7,1.11 (0.84–1.46),5.6,0.96 (0.77–1.21),25.6,0.99 (0.78–1.29),53.1,1.09 (0.89–1.30)
Mansonella perstans
 No,174.4,1,6.2,1,26.8,1,52.3,1
 Yes,143.1,0.82 (0.57–1.12),4.6,0.74 (0.58–0.95),22.4,0.83 (0.62–1.16),43.9,0.84 (0.66–1.04)
Malaria
 No,171.5,1,5.8,1,26.1,1,50.7,1
 Yes,119.1,0.69 (0.42–1.06),5.7,0.98 (0.67–1.41),23.4,0.90 (0.56–1.39),49.9,0.98 (0.72–1.29)
Maternal TB exposure
 No,162.3,1,5.6,1,25.2,1,51.3,1
 Yes,200.2,1.23 (0.77–1.86),7.3,1.30 (0.89–1.89),29.7,1.18 (0.77–1.78),44.7,0.87 (0.64–1.18)
Maternal BCG scar
 No,153.8,1,6.0,1,24.0,1,42.8,1
 Yes,177.8,1.16 (0.88–1.53),5.7,0.95 (0.75–1.21),27.6,1.15 (0.86–1.49),55.9,1.31 (1.06–1.61)
Child characteristics
Sex
 Male,151.4,1,5.6,1,26.0,1,52.1,1
 Female,184.9,1.22 (0.92–1.61),5.9,1.07 (0.86–1.32),25.6,0.98 (0.75–1.27),49.0,0.94 (0.78–1.14)
Birth weight,,1.25 (0.92–1.63),,1.29 (1.00–1.63),,1.15 (0.85–1.56),,0.95 (0.77–1.18)
HIV status
 Unexposed,170.6,1,5.8,1,25.8,1,50.3,1
 Exposed<comma> uninfected,250.9,1.47 (0.92–2.16),6.9,1.19 (0.84–1.86),41.1,1.59 (1.09–2.27),49.5,0.98 (0.67–1.31)
 Infected,10.9,0.06 (0.03–0.22),2.0,0.34 (0.22–0.76),2.3,0.09 (0.05–0.26),65.5,1.30 (0.65-2.25)
BCG scar
 No,170.6,1,5.3,1,23.2,1,59.3,1
 Yes,183.3,1.07 (0.79–1.44),6.5,1.21 (0.96–1.55),30.0,1.29 (1.01–1.72),46.9,0.79 (0.65–0.97)
BCG vaccine strain
 Russia,266.9,1,6.6,1,34.9,1,52.0,1
 Bulgaria,122.6,0.46 (0.35–0.60),5.5,0.84 (0.66–1.07),22.6,0.65 (0.51–0.85),63.2,1.22 (1.01–1.46)
 Danish,36.2,0.14 (0.08–0.23),3.3,0.50 (0.36–0.76),7.3,0.21 (0.13–0.34),16.8,0.32 (0.32–0.48)
History of TB contact/disease
 No,168.7,1,5.7,1,25.6,1,51.3,1
 Yes,147.9,0.88 (0.48–1.43),6.2,1.08 (0.71–1.60),28.5,1.12 (0.70–1.76),43.0,0.84 (0.58–1.17)
Any helminth infection ≤5 years
 No,179.3,1,5.7,1,26.0,1,52.3,1
 Yes,122.6,0.68 (0.45–0.96),6.0,1.06 (0.82–1.43),25.1,0.96 (0.69–1.36),43.7,0.84 (0.64–1.09)
WHZ score<comma> age 5,,0.84 (0.75–0.95),,0.97 (0.87–1.07),,0.88 (0.78–0.98),,0.86 (0.80–0.93)
HAZ score<comma> age 5,,1.37 (1.20–1.54),,1.21 (1.10–1.34),,1.28 (1.14–1.43),,1.24 (1.14–1.34)
WAZ score<comma> age 5,,1.17 (1.00–1.39),,1.20 (1.05–1.36),,1.14 (0.97–1.33),,1.08 (0.96–1.20)
Asymptomatic malaria<comma> age 5
 No,174.3,1,6.0,1,26.1,1,49.3,1
 Yes,82.2,0.47 (0.23–0.82),3.8,0.63 (0.41–1.03),21.1,0.81 (0.45–1.37),66.9,1.36 (0.84–1.94)
Number of malaria events up to age 5,0.95 (0.89–1.01),,1.01 (0.96–1.06),,1.00 (0.95–1.05),,1.03 (1.00–1.07)
Number of diarrhea events up to age 5,1.00 (0.95–1.04),,1.03 (0.99–1.07),,1.02 (0.98–1.07),,1.02 (0.99–1.06)
Number of LRTI events up to age 5,1.02 (0.88–1.15),,1.03 (0.92–1.15),,1.01 (0.88–1.15),,1.02 (0.92–1.11)
Age of infection with CMV,1.17 (0.95–1.37),,1.17 (1.00–1.38),,1.17 (0.97–1.37),,1.09 (0.96–1.20)
Age of infection with HSV,0.99 (0.84–1.13),,0.94 (0.84–1.05),,1.00 (0.87–1.14),,1.00 (0.90–1.10)
T-spot TB
 Negative,140.0,1,4.8,1,18.8,1,40.2,1
 Positive,380.3,2.72 (1.51–4.35),9.4,1.97 (1.14–3.41),48.7,2.59 (1.46–4.14),43.7,1.09 (0.70–1.62)
Trial interventions
Maternal albendazole treatment
 No,153.8,1,5.7,1,25.8,1,50.2,1
 Yes,180.6,1.17 (0.89–1.54),5.8,1.03 (0.82–1.28),25.8,1.00 (0.79–1.32),50.9,1.01 (0.83–1.19)
Maternal praziquantel treatment
 No,171.3,1,5.7,1,26.2,1,49.3,1
 Yes,162.2,0.95 (0.72–1.23),5.8,1.01 (0.79–1.22),25.4,0.97 (0.75–1.26),51.9,1.05 (0.87–1.25)
Childhood albendazole treatment
 No,194.8,1,6.2,1,30.5,1,50.6,1
 Yes,141.3,0.73 (0.55–0.98),5.3,0.86 (0.68–1.05),21.6,0.71 (0.56–0.93),50.5,1.00 (0.83–1.20)