10.17037/DATA.00004475
The aim of this study was to assess the characteristics and business practices of e-pharmacies, and their compliance with global best practice guidelines and national regulatory requirements
Study staff reviewed the websites and apps of all e-pharmacies serving retail customers in two Low and Middle Income Countries (LMICs): (1) India, which has a very large e-pharmacy market, but is yet to enact formal e-pharmacy regulations, and (2) Kenya, which has a smaller market, but with developed regulations. All data used in this analysis was available in the public domain at the time of data collection.
The overarching project of which this analysis was part received approval by the ethics committees of The George Institute for Global Health (Project number: 26/2022), Strathmore University Business School (Ref. no: SU-ISERC1475/22), and the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (Ref. no: 28055).
The dataset contains variables outlined in the table below.
| Variable Name | Variable Label | Answer Label | Answer Code | Variable Type |
| Country | Country (multiple countries separated by a comma) | String | ||
| record_id | Record ID | Numeric | ||
| constitution | 3. Details of the e-pharmacy constitution (Information on directors/supervisors/chairmen/boards etc.) | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| phy_add | 6. Is there any physical address for the e-pharmacy? | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| sec_address | 7. Is there a second address? | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| state/county | 8. State (Capture the state wherein the e-pharmacy's physical address is located in lowercase; separate multiple states with a comma without spaces. "np" if not provided.) | String | ||
| country | 9. Country (multiple countries separated by a comma) | String | ||
| authorization_info | 10. Does the e-pharmacy provide information on authorization from the official licensing body (CDSCO for India)? (refer to "about us" or "FAQ" pages of the e-pharmacy) | Numeric | ||
| Yes, the site states that they are registered | 1 | |||
| Yes, the site states that they are registered and specifies the authorizing body | 2 | |||
| No | 3 | |||
| reg_no | 11. Registration number or the health safety code of the e-pharmacy ("np" if not provided). | String | ||
| Yes | Yes | |||
| Not provided | np | |||
| pharmacist_details | 12. Does the e-pharmacy display the name and registration details of the pharmacist(s) involved? (refer to "about us" or "FAQ" pages of the e-pharmacy) | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| e_pharm_app | 13. Does the e-pharmacy have an app? | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| track_dlvry | 14. Does the e-pharmacy website state that they provide any tracking of delivery? (Check FAQ or customer support sections) | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| eng_lang | Is the website accessible in the English language? | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| lang_opt | 15. Are other language options present? | |||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| other_lang | If yes, please specify (Separate multiple languages with a comma without space) | String | ||
| tele_helpline | 16. Is a telephonic helpline provided? | |||
| Yes, toll free | 1 | |||
| Yes, unspecified | 2 | |||
| chat___1 | 17a. Is chat option (live or bot) available for customers? Yes, on the website | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| chat___2 | 17b. Is chat option (live or bot) available for customers? Yes on Whatsapp | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| chat___3 | 17c. Is chat option (live or bot) available for customers? No | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| faq | 18. Does the e-pharmacy provide an FAQ section? (Check "FAQ" or "Help") | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| complaints | 19. Does the e-pharmacy display the procedure for complaints in detail? (check FAQ, "complaints", "terms and conditions/policies"; or "contact us" pages) | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| review_testimonials | 20. Are customer reviews or testimonials visible on the e-pharmacy website? | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| return_policy | 21. Does the e-pharmacy display the return policy? (check FAQ, "refunds", or "contact us" pages) | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| privacy_policy | 22. Does the e-pharmacy display customers' privacy policy? | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| secur_encrypt | 23. Does the e-pharmacy display any certificates of security/encryption? (E.g., Kenya: Extended Validation SSL (EV-SSL) certificate) | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| encrypt_certif | If yes, please specify the certificate | String | ||
| pay_gateway | 24. Is a secure payment gateway present? (Redirection to a separate page for payment) | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| Unclear | 2 | |||
| pay_options___1 | 25a. Available payment options: Credit Card | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| pay_options___2 | 25b. Available payment options: Debit Card | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| pay_options___3 | 25c. Available payment options: Net Banking | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| pay_options___4 | 25d. Available payment options: Store Credit/Wallet | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| pay_options___5 | 25e. Available payment options: Cash on delivery | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| pay_options___6 | 25f. Available payment options: UPI | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| pay_options___7 | 25g. Available payment options: Electronic wallet | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| pay_options___8 | 25h. Available payment options: mPesa/Mobile Money | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| pay_options___9 | 25i. Available payment options: PayPal | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| pay_options___10 | 25j. Available payment options: Health insurance | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| pay_options___11 | 25k. Available payment options: Others | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| electronic_specify | If electronic wallet, please specify. ("np" if not specified) | Open ended | String | |
| other_pay | If others, specify the payment method | Open ended | String | |
| where_deliver | 26. Where all does the e-pharmacy deliver to? | Numeric | ||
| Less than 50% of Indian states | 1 | |||
| More than 50% of Indian states | 2 | |||
| All over India | 3 | |||
| India and Neighbours | 4 | |||
| Global | 5 | |||
| Unclear | 6 | |||
| Other (please specify) | 7 | |||
| other_geo_cover | If other, please specify the coverage | Open ended | String | |
| otc_sale | 27. Are OTC medicines available for sale? Look for various OTC medicines, if even one is available FOR SALE, go with "Yes" E.g., Paracetamol, pantoprazole, diclofenac, cetirizine, clotrimazole | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| pom_sale | 28. Are prescription-only medicines available for sale? Look for various POMs, if even one POM is available FOR SALE, go with "Yes" e.g., Amlodipine, insulin, cefixime, atenolol, pregabalin, phenytoin | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| controlled_sale | 29. Are narcotic or controlled substances available for sale? Look for various narcotic or controlled drugs, if even one is available FOR SALE, go with "Yes" E.g., Tramadol, alprazolam, lorazepam, zolpidem, fentanyl | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| herbal_altmed | 30. Does the e-pharmacy sell herbal/ alternative medicines? (Check whether "herbal products" or specific products such as arsenicum album, tulsi, aswagandha, or sarpagandha are available for sale) | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| nutra | 31. Does the e-pharmacy sell nutraceuticals? (Check sections or whether vitamins or other nutritional supplements are available) | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| indicat_use | 32. Does the e-pharmacy provide information on indication or use? Look for the following tracers ONLY. If the information is available even for one tracer, go with "Yes" amlodipine/nifedipine, atenolol/metoprolol, atorvastatin, metformin, amoxicillin, azithromycin, sildenafil/tadalafil | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| Incomplete | 2 | |||
| side_effects | 33. Does the e-pharmacy provide information on drug's side effects? Look for the following tracers ONLY. If the information is available even for one tracer, go with "Yes" amlodipine/nifedipine, atenolol/metoprolol, atorvastatin, metformin, amoxicillin, azithromycin, sildenafil/tadalafil | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| drug_interactions | 34. Does the e-pharmacy provide information on drug interactions and contraindications? Look for the following tracers ONLY. If the information is available even for one tracer, go with "Yes" amlodipine/nifedipine, atenolol/metoprolol, atorvastatin, metformin, amoxicillin, azithromycin, sildenafil/tadalafil | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| Interactions only | 2 | |||
| Contraindications only | 3 | |||
| online_consult | 35. Does the e-pharmacy offer online consultation with a doctor? (Check FAQ, "about", "services provided" or other relevant sections) | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| lab_services | 36. Does the e-pharmacy provide laboratory services? (Check FAQ, "about", "services provided" or other relevant sections) | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| prescription_upload___1 | 37a. Does e-pharmacy provide the option to upload prescription: Yes, on site | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| prescription_upload___2 | 37b. Does e-pharmacy provide the option to upload prescription: Yes, WhatsApp | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| prescription_upload___3 | 37c. Does e-pharmacy provide the option to upload prescription: Yes, email | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| prescription_upload___4 | 37d. Does e-pharmacy provide the option to upload prescription: Other | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| prescription_upload___5 | 37e. Does e-pharmacy provide the option to upload prescription: No | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| other_prescription_upload | If other, please specify | String | ||
| refill_remind | 38. Does the e-pharmacy state that they provide refill reminders? | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| ad_pres_drugs | 39. Does the website have advertisements of any prescription drugs? (Check on the home page only) | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| ad_other_prod | 40. Does the website have advertisements of other products? (Check on the home page for ads on OTC creams/gels, sanitary pads etc) | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| discount_coupon | 41. Are there advertisements or announcements of discounts/coupons/offers? (Examine the advertisements, "offers" sections etc.) | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| discount_meds | If yes, are there discounts/offers specifically for medicines? Use your judgment to determine whether offers apply to medicines or not. | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| certi_accredi | 42. Does the e-pharmacy provide information on certifications/accreditations assuring quality? (E.g., LegitScript, EU Logo, NABP accreditation, or similar) | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| certification_specify | If yes, please specify the certification/accreditation | Open ended | String | |
| promo_social_media___1 | 43a. Does the e-pharmacy have social media presence? Twitter | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| promo_social_media___2 | 43b. Does the e-pharmacy have social media presence? Instagram | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| promo_social_media___3 | 43c. Does the e-pharmacy have social media presence? Facebook | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| promo_social_media___4 | 43d. Does the e-pharmacy have social media presence? TikTok | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| promo_social_media___5 | 43e. Does the e-pharmacy have social media presence? Youtube | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| promo_social_media___6 | 43f. Does the e-pharmacy have social media presence? LinkedIn | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| promo_social_media___7 | 43g. Does the e-pharmacy have social media presence? Other | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| promo_social_media___8 | 43h. Does the e-pharmacy have social media presence? None | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| other_social | If other, please specify | Open ended | String | |
| e_pharmacy_website_complete | e-pharmacy website complete? | Numeric | ||
| Incomplete | 0 | |||
| Unverified | 1 | |||
| Complete | 2 | |||
| INSTRUMENT: e-Pharmacy App | ||||
| constitution_app | 2. Details of the e-pharmacy constitution (Information on directors/supervisors/chairmen/boards etc.) | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| phy_add_app | 5. Is there any physical address for the e-pharmacy? | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| sec_address_app | 6. Is there a second address? | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| state_app | 7. State (Capture the state wherein the e-pharmacy's physical address is located in lowercase; separate multiple states with a comma without spaces. "np" if not provided.) | String | ||
| country_app | 8. Country If more than one country, capture all, separated by a comma without space. | String | ||
| store_app___1 | 9a. Which app stores can the e-pharmacy app be downloaded from? Google Playstore | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| store_app___2 | 9b. Which app stores can the e-pharmacy app be downloaded from? App Store (iOS) | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| downloads_app | Capture the number of downloads on Google Playstore. As provided in the PlayStore, e.g., 50M+ etc. | Open ended | String | |
| authorization_info_app | 10. Does the e-pharmacy provide information on authorization from the official licensing body (CDSCO for India and PPB for Kenya)? (refer to "about us" or "FAQ" pages of the e-pharmacy) | Numeric | ||
| Yes, the app states that they are registered | 1 | |||
| Yes, the app states that they are registered and specifies the authorizing body | 2 | |||
| No | 3 | |||
| reg_no_app | 11. Registration number or the health safety code of the e-pharmacy "np" if not provided. | Open ended | String | |
| pharmacist_details_app | 12. Does the e-pharmacy display the name and registration details of the pharmacist(s) involved? (refer to "about us" or "FAQ" pages of the e-pharmacy) | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| track_dlvry_app | 13. Does the e-pharmacy app state that they provide any tracking of delivery? (Check FAQ or customer support sections) | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| eng_lang_app | Is the website accessible in the English language? | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| lang_opt_app | 14. Are other language options present? | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| other_lang_app | If yes, please specify (Separate multiple languages with a comma without space) | Open ended | String | |
| tele_helpline_app | 15. Is a telephonic helpline provided? | Numeric | ||
| Yes, toll free | 1 | |||
| Yes, unspecified | 2 | |||
| Yes, paid | 3 | |||
| No | 4 | |||
| chat_app___1 | 16a. Is chat option (live or bot) available for customers? Yes, on the app | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| chat_app___2 | 16b. Is chat option (live or bot) available for customers? Yes on Whatsapp | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| chat_app___3 | 16c. Is chat option (live or bot) available for customers? No | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| faq_app | 17. Does the e-pharmacy provide an FAQ section? (Check "FAQ" or "Help") | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| complaints_app | 18. Does the e-pharmacy display the procedure for complaints in detail? (check FAQ, "complaints", or "contact us" pages, and copy paste the procedure for complaints) | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| review_testimonials_app | 19. Are customer reviews or testimonials visible on the e-pharmacy app? | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| return_policy_app | 20. Does the e-pharmacy display the return policy? (check FAQ, "refunds", or "contact us" pages) | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| privacy_policy_app | 21. Does the e-pharmacy display customers' privacy policy? | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| secur_encrypt_app | 22. Does the e-pharmacy display any certificates of security/encryption? (E.g., Kenya: Extended Validation SSL (EV-SSL) certificate) | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| encrypt_certif_app | If yes, please specify the certificate | Open ended | String | |
| pay_options_app___1 | 23a. Available payment options 1: Credit Card | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| pay_options_app___2 | 23b. Available payment options 2: Debit Card | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| pay_options_app___3 | 23c. Available payment options 3: Net Banking | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| pay_options_app___4 | 23d. Available payment options 4: Store Credit/Wallet | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| pay_options_app___5 | 23e. Available payment options 5: Cash on delivery | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| pay_options_app___6 | 23f. Available payment options 6: UPI | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| pay_options_app___7 | 23g. Available payment options 7: Electronic wallet | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| pay_options_app___8 | 23h. Available payment options 8: mPesa/Mobile Money | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| pay_options_app___9 | 23i. Available payment options 9: PayPal | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| pay_options_app___10 | 23j. Available payment options 10: Health insurance | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| pay_options_app___11 | 23k. Available payment options 11: Others | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| electronic_specify_app | If electronic wallet, please specify. (NR if not specified on the app) | Open ended | String | |
| other_pay_app | If others, specify the payment method | Open ended | String | |
| where_deliver_app | 24. Where all does the e-pharmacy deliver to? | Numeric | ||
| Less than 50% of the Indian states | 1 | |||
| More than 50% of the Indian states | 2 | |||
| All over India | 3 | |||
| India and Neighbours | 4 | |||
| Global | 5 | |||
| Unclear | 6 | |||
| Other (please specify) | 7 | |||
| other_geo_cover_app | If other, please specify the coverage | Open ended | String | |
| otc_sale_app | 25. Are OTC medicines available for sale? Look for various OTC medicines, if even one OTC medicine is available FOR SALE, go with "Yes" Paracetamol, pantoprazole, diclofenac, cetirizine, clotrimazole | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| pom_sale_app | 26. Are prescription-only medicines available for sale? Look for various POMs, if even one POM is available FOR SALE, go with "Yes" e.g., Amlodipine, insulin, cefixime, atenolol, pregabalin, phenytoin | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| controlled_sale_app | 27. Are narcotic or controlled substances available for sale? Look for various narcotic or controlled drugs, if even one is available FOR SALE, go with "Yes" E.g., Tramadol, alprazolam, lorazepam, zolpidem, fentanyl | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| herbal_altmed_app | 28. Does the e-pharmacy sell herbal/ alternative medicines? (Check whether "herbal products" or specific products such as arsenicum album, tulsi, aswagandha, or sarpagandha are available for sale) | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| nutra_app | 29. Does the e-pharmacy sell nutraceuticals? (Check sections or whether vitamins or other nutritional supplements are available) | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| indicat_use_app | 30. Does the e-pharmacy provide information on indication or use? Look for the following tracers ONLY. If the information is available even for one tracer, go with "Yes" amlodipine/nifedipine, atenolol/metoprolol, atorvastatin, metformin, amoxicillin, azithromycin, sildenafil/tadalafil | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| Incomplete | 2 | |||
| side_effects_app | 31. Does the e-pharmacy provide information on drug's side effects? Look for the following tracers ONLY. If the information is available even for one tracer, go with "Yes" amlodipine/nifedipine, atenolol/metoprolol, atorvastatin, metformin, amoxicillin, azithromycin, sildenafil/tadalafil | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| drug_interactions_app | 32. Does the e-pharmacy provide information on drug interactions and contraindications? Look for the following tracers ONLY. If the information is available even for one tracer, go with "Yes" amlodipine/nifedipine, atenolol/metoprolol, atorvastatin, metformin, amoxicillin, azithromycin, sildenafil/tadalafil | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| Interactions only | 2 | |||
| Contraindications only | 3 | |||
| online_consult_app | 33. Does the e-pharmacy offer online consultation with a doctor? (Check FAQ, "about", "services provided" or other relevant sections) | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| lab_services_app | 34. Does the e-pharmacy provide laboratory services? (Check FAQ, "about", "services provided" or other relevant sections) | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| app_prescription___1 | 35-1. Does e-pharmacy provide the option to upload prescription? Yes, on app | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| app_prescription___2 | 35-2. Does e-pharmacy provide the option to upload prescription? Yes, WhatsApp | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| app_prescription___3 | 35-3. Does e-pharmacy provide the option to upload prescription? Yes, email | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| app_prescription___4 | 35-4. Does e-pharmacy provide the option to upload prescription? Other | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| app_prescription___5 | 35-5. Does e-pharmacy provide the option to upload prescription? No | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| other_upload | If other, please specify | String | ||
| refill_remind_app | 36. Does the e-pharmacy state that they provide refill reminders? | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| ad_pres_drugs_app | 37. Does the app have advertisements of any prescription drugs? (Check for pop-up advertisements on any pages during app review) | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| ad_other_prod_app | 38. Does the app have advertisements of other products? (Check for ads on OTC creams/gels, sanitary pads etc) | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| discount_coupon_app | 39. Are there advertisements or announcements of discounts/coupons/offers? (Examine the advertisements, "offers" sections etc.) | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| discount_meds_app | If yes, are there discounts/offers specifically for medicines? | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| certi_accredi_app | 40. Does the e-pharmacy provide information on certifications/accreditations assuring quality? (E.g., LegitScript, EU Logo, NABP accreditation, or similar) | Numeric | ||
| No | 0 | |||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| certification_specify_app | If yes, please specify the certification/accreditation: | String | ||
| e_pharmacy_app_complete | e-pharmacy app complete? | Numeric | ||
| Incomplete | 0 | |||
| Unverified | 1 | |||
| Complete | 2 | |||
| Total Visits (for the last full month, i.e. May 2023) | Total Visits (for the last full month, i.e. May 2023) | |||
| Total Visits for the previous 3 months (see graph lower down for traffic over the past 3 full months, i.e.March, April, May 2023) | Total Visits for the previous 3 months (see graph lower down for traffic over the past 3 full months, i.e.March, April, May 2023) | Numeric | ||
| Total Visits_past_3months | Total Visits for the previous 3 months (see graph lower down for traffic over the past 3 full months, i.e.March, April, May 2023) | Numeric | ||