all_cause_adult all_cause_child diarrhoea_child study country location intervention intervention_name watertreatment prospective anywatersupply anytreatment anysanitation anyhygiene followup_months base_wat base_san immunocompromised anygroupsan pc or ln_seor rct communitysan lnor water_improved bias season Death in all population Luby et al. 2006 Pakistan Urban Drinking water treatment and storage only Chlorine provision Chlorine Prospective design No water supply intervention Water treatment and/or storage intervention No household sanitation intervention No hygiene intervention 8.538461538 Unimproved Improved Child not from immunocompromised household No community-wide sanitation intervention 0 2.377226956 1.633817906 Randomised controlled trial Community sanitation improved 0.86593467 Unimproved water supply High risk all Diarrhoea death in children aged under 5 Pickering et al. 2015 Mali Rural Multiple WASH CLTS and hygiene education 0 Prospective design No water supply intervention No water treatment or storage intervention Household sanitation intervention Hygiene intervention 18 Unimproved Unimproved Child not from immunocompromised household Community-wide sanitation intervention 0.009109768 0.416322564 0.368309318 Randomised controlled trial Community sanitation improved -0.87629491 Unimproved water supply Some concerns all Diarrhoea death in children aged under 5 Peletz et al. 2012 Zambia Rural Drinking water treatment and storage only Filter provision plus safe storage Filtration Prospective design No water supply intervention Water treatment and/or storage intervention No household sanitation intervention No hygiene intervention 9.5 Unimproved Unimproved Child from immunocompromised household No community-wide sanitation intervention 0.148606811 0.135220126 1.099450047 Randomised controlled trial Household sanitation improved -2.0008512 Unimproved water supply Some concerns all Death in all population Luby et al. 2006 Pakistan Urban Hygiene promotion only Soap provision 0 Prospective design No water supply intervention No water treatment or storage intervention No household sanitation intervention Hygiene intervention 8.538461538 Unimproved Improved Child not from immunocompromised household No community-wide sanitation intervention 0 6.755637202 1.51275297 Randomised controlled trial Community sanitation improved 1.9103773 Unimproved water supply High risk all Death in children aged under 5 Pickering et al. 2015 Mali Rural Multiple WASH CLTS and hygiene education 0 Prospective design No water supply intervention No water treatment or storage intervention Household sanitation intervention Hygiene intervention 18 Unimproved Unimproved Child not from immunocompromised household Community-wide sanitation intervention 0.062967963 0.907189719 0.119175705 Randomised controlled trial Community sanitation improved -0.097403675 Unimproved water supply Some concerns all Death in children aged under 5 Boisson et al. 2010 DRC Rural Drinking water treatment and storage only Filter provision Filtration Prospective design No water supply intervention Water treatment and/or storage intervention No household sanitation intervention No hygiene intervention 12 Unimproved Unimproved Child not from immunocompromised household No community-wide sanitation intervention 0.013468013 1.657303371 0.460326957 Randomised controlled trial Household sanitation improved 0.5051918 Unimproved water supply High risk all Death in children aged under 5 Null et al. 2018 Kenya Rural Sanitation only Latrine and potty provision 0 Prospective design No water supply intervention No water treatment or storage intervention Household sanitation intervention No hygiene intervention 24 Unimproved Unimproved Child not from immunocompromised household No community-wide sanitation intervention 0.022187622 0.907451212 0.261891884 Randomised controlled trial Household sanitation improved -0.097115472 Unimproved water supply Some concerns all Death in children aged under 5 Bowen et al. 2012 Pakistan Urban Multiple WASH "Flocculant, soap and health education" Chlorine Prospective design No water supply intervention Water treatment and/or storage intervention No household sanitation intervention Hygiene intervention 72 Unimproved Improved Child not from immunocompromised household No community-wide sanitation intervention 0.001145475 5.609929078 1.472293604 Randomised controlled trial Community sanitation improved 1.7245381 Unimproved water supply High risk all Death in all population Luby et al. 2006 Pakistan Urban Drinking water treatment and storage only Flocculant provision Chlorine Prospective design No water supply intervention Water treatment and/or storage intervention No household sanitation intervention No hygiene intervention 8.538461538 Unimproved Improved Child not from immunocompromised household No community-wide sanitation intervention 0 2.258882569 1.633809327 Randomised controlled trial Community sanitation improved 0.81487024 Unimproved water supply High risk all Death in children aged under 5 Gebre et al. 2011 Ethiopia Rural Sanitation only Latrine slab and training 0 Prospective design No water supply intervention No water treatment or storage intervention Household sanitation intervention No hygiene intervention 24 Unimproved Unimproved Child not from immunocompromised household No community-wide sanitation intervention 0.002910461 1.474362515 0.324056658 Randomised controlled trial Household sanitation improved 0.3882257 Unimproved water supply High risk all Death in children aged under 5 Null et al. 2018 Kenya Rural Multiple WASH "Chlorine, latrines and handwashing provision" Chlorine Prospective design No water supply intervention Water treatment and/or storage intervention Household sanitation intervention Hygiene intervention 24 Unimproved Unimproved Child not from immunocompromised household No community-wide sanitation intervention 0.022187622 1.176876618 0.246927574 Randomised controlled trial Household sanitation improved 0.162864 Unimproved water supply Some concerns all Death in children aged under 5 Null et al. 2018 Kenya Rural Hygiene promotion only Handwashing station provision 0 Prospective design No water supply intervention No water treatment or storage intervention No household sanitation intervention Hygiene intervention 24 Unimproved Unimproved Child not from immunocompromised household No community-wide sanitation intervention 0.022187622 1.303414343 0.244075522 Randomised controlled trial Household sanitation improved 0.26498723 Unimproved water supply Some concerns all Death in all population Emerson et al. 2004 Gambia Rural Sanitation only Latrine provision 0 Prospective design No water supply intervention No water treatment or storage intervention Household sanitation intervention No hygiene intervention 6 Unimproved Unimproved Child not from immunocompromised household No community-wide sanitation intervention 0.009783938 1.146560319 0.409389733 Randomised controlled trial Household sanitation improved 0.13676643 Unimproved water supply Some concerns all Death in adults and children aged over 5 Gebre et al. 2011 Ethiopia Rural Sanitation only Latrine slab and training 0 Prospective design No water supply intervention No water treatment or storage intervention Household sanitation intervention No hygiene intervention 24 Unimproved Unimproved Child not from immunocompromised household No community-wide sanitation intervention 0.007600726 1.125745468 0.134415959 Randomised controlled trial Household sanitation improved 0.11844546 Unimproved water supply High risk all Death in children aged under 5 Crump et al. 2005 Kenya Rural Drinking water treatment and storage only Chlorine provision Chlorine Prospective design No water supply intervention Water treatment and/or storage intervention No household sanitation intervention No hygiene intervention 4.615384615 Unimproved Unimproved Child not from immunocompromised household No community-wide sanitation intervention 0.173001171 0.292923255 0.63135325 Randomised controlled trial Household sanitation improved -1.2278446 Unimproved water supply Some concerns wet Death in all population Luby et al. 2006 Pakistan Urban Multiple WASH Flocculant and soap provision Chlorine Prospective design No water supply intervention Water treatment and/or storage intervention No household sanitation intervention Hygiene intervention 8.538461538 Unimproved Improved Child not from immunocompromised household No community-wide sanitation intervention 0 8.413172025 1.491608832 Randomised controlled trial Community sanitation improved 2.1297987 Unimproved water supply High risk all Death in children aged under 5 Null et al. 2018 Kenya Rural Drinking water treatment and storage only Chlorine provision Chlorine Prospective design No water supply intervention Water treatment and/or storage intervention No household sanitation intervention No hygiene intervention 24 Unimproved Unimproved Child not from immunocompromised household No community-wide sanitation intervention 0.022187622 0.820346957 0.267600103 Randomised controlled trial Household sanitation improved -0.19802791 Unimproved water supply Some concerns all Death in adults and children aged over 5 Crump et al. 2005 Kenya Rural Drinking water treatment and storage only Chlorine provision Chlorine Prospective design No water supply intervention Water treatment and/or storage intervention No household sanitation intervention No hygiene intervention 4.615384615 Unimproved Unimproved Child not from immunocompromised household No community-wide sanitation intervention 0.016330135 1.022449484 0.48207048 Randomised controlled trial Household sanitation improved 0.022201203 Unimproved water supply Some concerns wet Death in children aged under 5 Conroy et al. 1999 Kenya Rural Drinking water treatment and storage only SODIS provision SODIS Prospective design No water supply intervention Water treatment and/or storage intervention No household sanitation intervention No hygiene intervention 12 Unimproved Unimproved Child not from immunocompromised household No community-wide sanitation intervention 0.013157895 0.460992908 1.230765821 Randomised controlled trial Household sanitation improved -0.77437264 Unimproved water supply High risk all Diarrhoea death in children aged under 5 Bowen et al. 2012 Pakistan Urban Hygiene promotion only Soap and health education Chlorine Prospective design No water supply intervention No water treatment or storage intervention No household sanitation intervention Hygiene intervention 72 Unimproved Improved Child not from immunocompromised household No community-wide sanitation intervention 0.001031992 3.636363636 1.0653785 Randomised controlled trial Community sanitation improved 1.2909842 Unimproved water supply High risk all Death in children aged under 5 Peletz et al. 2012 Zambia Rural Drinking water treatment and storage only Filter provision plus safe storage Filtration Prospective design No water supply intervention Water treatment and/or storage intervention No household sanitation intervention No hygiene intervention 9.5 Unimproved Unimproved Child from immunocompromised household No community-wide sanitation intervention 0.148606811 0.421568627 0.736792818 Randomised controlled trial Household sanitation improved -0.86377269 Unimproved water supply Some concerns all Death in children aged under 5 Cole et al. 2012 South Africa (informal) Urban Hygiene promotion only Soap provision and health education 0 Prospective design No water supply intervention No water treatment or storage intervention No household sanitation intervention Hygiene intervention 6 Unimproved Unimproved Child not from immunocompromised household No community-wide sanitation intervention 0.009049774 0.915254237 1.417345024 Non-randomised study Household sanitation improved -0.088553399 Unimproved water supply High risk dry Death in adults and children aged over 5 Gyorkos et al. 2013 Peru Urban Hygiene promotion only Hand-washing education 0 Prospective design No water supply intervention No water treatment or storage intervention No household sanitation intervention Hygiene intervention 4 Unimproved Unimproved Child not from immunocompromised household No community-wide sanitation intervention 0.006759294 0.358683927 1.63394876 Randomised controlled trial Household sanitation improved -1.0253137 Unimproved water supply High risk dry Death in children aged under 5 Crump et al. 2005 Kenya Rural Drinking water treatment and storage only Flocculant provision Chlorine Prospective design No water supply intervention Water treatment and/or storage intervention No household sanitation intervention No hygiene intervention 4.615384615 Unimproved Unimproved Child not from immunocompromised household No community-wide sanitation intervention 0.173001171 0.345463308 0.590170269 Randomised controlled trial Household sanitation improved -1.0628688 Unimproved water supply Some concerns wet Death in children aged under 5 Bowen et al. 2012 Pakistan Urban Hygiene promotion only Soap and health education Chlorine Prospective design No water supply intervention No water treatment or storage intervention No household sanitation intervention Hygiene intervention 72 Unimproved Improved Child not from immunocompromised household No community-wide sanitation intervention 0.001145475 4.312977099 1.491754907 Randomised controlled trial Community sanitation improved 1.4616284 Unimproved water supply High risk all Death in all population Lule et al. 2005 Uganda Rural Drinking water treatment and storage only Chlorine provision and safe storage Chlorine Prospective design No water supply intervention Water treatment and/or storage intervention No household sanitation intervention No hygiene intervention 18 Unimproved Improved Child from immunocompromised household No community-wide sanitation intervention 0.009835562 1.122891284 0.346311608 Randomised controlled trial Community sanitation improved 0.11590686 Unimproved water supply High risk all Death in adults and children aged over 5 Pickering et al. 2015 Mali Rural Multiple WASH CLTS and hygiene education 0 Prospective design No water supply intervention No water treatment or storage intervention Household sanitation intervention Hygiene intervention 18 Unimproved Unimproved Child not from immunocompromised household Community-wide sanitation intervention 0.010062669 1.037508092 0.103431542 Randomised controlled trial Community sanitation improved 0.036821771 Unimproved water supply Some concerns all Death in adults and children aged over 5 Crump et al. 2005 Kenya Rural Drinking water treatment and storage only Flocculant provision Chlorine Prospective design No water supply intervention Water treatment and/or storage intervention No household sanitation intervention No hygiene intervention 4.615384615 Unimproved Unimproved Child not from immunocompromised household No community-wide sanitation intervention 0.016330135 0.741271115 0.516338939 Randomised controlled trial Household sanitation improved -0.29938886 Unimproved water supply Some concerns wet Death in children aged under 5 Morris et al. 2018 Kenya Rural Drinking water treatment and storage only Filter provision Filtration Prospective design No water supply intervention Water treatment and/or storage intervention No household sanitation intervention No hygiene intervention 6 Unimproved Unimproved Child not from immunocompromised household No community-wide sanitation intervention 0.05106383 0.655270655 0.922266769 Randomised controlled trial Household sanitation improved -0.4227069 Unimproved water supply High risk all Death in children aged under 5 Reese et al. 2019 India Rural Multiple WASH Piped water and household sanitation 0 Retrospective design Water supply intervention No water treatment or storage intervention Household sanitation intervention No hygiene intervention 60 Unimproved Unimproved Child not from immunocompromised household Community-wide sanitation intervention 0.00084312 0.627720968 0.627862263 Non-randomised study Community sanitation improved -0.46565953 Improved water supply Some concerns all Diarrhoea death in children aged under 5 Luby et al. 2004 Pakistan Urban Hygiene promotion only Antibacterial soap provision 0 Prospective design No water supply intervention No water treatment or storage intervention No household sanitation intervention Hygiene intervention 12 Improved Improved Child not from immunocompromised household No community-wide sanitation intervention 0.000655093 0.984748011 1.732630928 Randomised controlled trial Community sanitation improved -0.015369497 Improved water supply Some concerns all Death in all population Jain et al. 2010 Ghana Urban Drinking water treatment and storage only Chlorine provision Chlorine Prospective design No water supply intervention Water treatment and/or storage intervention No household sanitation intervention No hygiene intervention 3 Improved Unimproved Child not from immunocompromised household No community-wide sanitation intervention 0.002455494 1.688439606 1.033393832 Randomised controlled trial Household sanitation improved 0.52380478 Improved water supply High risk wet Death in children aged under 5 Luby et al. 2018 Bangladesh Rural Drinking water treatment and storage only Chlorine provision Chlorine Prospective design No water supply intervention Water treatment and/or storage intervention No household sanitation intervention No hygiene intervention 22 Improved Improved Child not from immunocompromised household No community-wide sanitation intervention 0.025218629 0.852548485 0.325806936 Randomised controlled trial Community sanitation improved -0.1595252 Improved water supply Some concerns all Death in children aged under 5 Ercumen et al. 2015b India Urban Water supply only Continuous piped water 0 Retrospective design Water supply intervention No water treatment or storage intervention No household sanitation intervention No hygiene intervention 60 Improved Improved Child not from immunocompromised household No community-wide sanitation intervention 0.002373887 0.590828924 0.36676728 Non-randomised study Community sanitation improved -0.52622879 Improved water supply High risk all Diarrhoea death in children aged under 5 Messou et al. 1997 Côte d'Ivoire Rural Multiple WASH "Water supply, latrines and handwashing provision" 0 Prospective design Water supply intervention No water treatment or storage intervention Household sanitation intervention Hygiene intervention 48 Unimproved Unimproved Child not from immunocompromised household Community-wide sanitation intervention 0.029157667 0.141650422 0.617094385 Non-randomised study Community sanitation improved -1.954393 Improved water supply High risk all Death in children aged under 5 Messou et al. 1997 Côte d'Ivoire Rural Multiple WASH "Water supply, latrines and handwashing provision" 0 Prospective design Water supply intervention No water treatment or storage intervention Household sanitation intervention Hygiene intervention 48 Unimproved Unimproved Child not from immunocompromised household Community-wide sanitation intervention 0.109452736 0.417553191 0.234794148 Non-randomised study Community sanitation improved -0.87334335 Improved water supply High risk all Diarrhoea death in children aged under 5 Luby et al. 2004 Pakistan Urban Hygiene promotion only Plain soap provision 0 Prospective design No water supply intervention No water treatment or storage intervention No household sanitation intervention Hygiene intervention 12 Improved Improved Child not from immunocompromised household No community-wide sanitation intervention 0.000655093 0.920644761 1.73261847 Randomised controlled trial Community sanitation improved -0.08268103 Improved water supply Some concerns all Diarrhoea death in children aged under 5 Rasella 2003 Brazil Urban Multiple WASH Piped water and sanitation 0 Prospective design Water supply intervention No water treatment or storage intervention Household sanitation intervention No hygiene intervention 36 Improved Improved Child not from immunocompromised household No community-wide sanitation intervention 0.00172 0.609590382 0.253273538 Non-randomised study Community sanitation improved -0.49496806 Improved water supply High risk all Death in children aged under 5 Luby et al. 2004 Pakistan Urban Hygiene promotion only Antibacterial soap provision 0 Prospective design No water supply intervention No water treatment or storage intervention No household sanitation intervention Hygiene intervention 12 Improved Improved Child not from immunocompromised household No community-wide sanitation intervention 0.001966568 0.32780725 1.29177336 Randomised controlled trial Community sanitation improved -1.1153295 Improved water supply Some concerns all Death in children aged under 5 Luby et al. 2018 Bangladesh Rural Hygiene promotion only Handwashing station provision 0 Prospective design No water supply intervention No water treatment or storage intervention No household sanitation intervention Hygiene intervention 22 Improved Improved Child not from immunocompromised household No community-wide sanitation intervention 0.025218629 0.938380106 0.321921256 Randomised controlled trial Community sanitation improved -0.063600183 Improved water supply Some concerns all Death in children aged under 5 Luby et al. 2018 Bangladesh Rural Multiple WASH "Chlorine, latrine and handwashing provision" Chlorine Prospective design No water supply intervention Water treatment and/or storage intervention Household sanitation intervention Hygiene intervention 22 Improved Improved Child not from immunocompromised household No community-wide sanitation intervention 0.025218629 0.977375566 0.318384844 Randomised controlled trial Community sanitation improved -0.022884294 Improved water supply Some concerns all Death in adults and children aged over 5 Reese et al. 2019 India Rural Multiple WASH Piped water and household sanitation 0 Retrospective design Water supply intervention No water treatment or storage intervention Household sanitation intervention No hygiene intervention 60 Unimproved Unimproved Child not from immunocompromised household Community-wide sanitation intervention 0.002284188 0.834226756 0.194420674 Non-randomised study Community sanitation improved -0.18125002 Improved water supply Some concerns all Death in children aged under 5 Luby et al. 2004 Pakistan Urban Hygiene promotion only Plain soap provision 0 Prospective design No water supply intervention No water treatment or storage intervention No household sanitation intervention Hygiene intervention 12 Improved Improved Child not from immunocompromised household No community-wide sanitation intervention 0.001966568 0.920546245 1.000984191 Randomised controlled trial Community sanitation improved -0.082788043 Improved water supply Some concerns all Death in adults and children aged over 5 Clasen et al. 2014 India Rural Multiple WASH "Subsidy, sanitation marketing and handwashing promotion" 0 Prospective design No water supply intervention No water treatment or storage intervention Household sanitation intervention Hygiene intervention 18 Improved Unimproved Child not from immunocompromised household Community-wide sanitation intervention 0.011298741 1.12960483 0.118843048 Randomised controlled trial Community sanitation improved 0.12186787 Improved water supply Some concerns all Death in children aged under 5 Du Preez et al. 2011 Kenya Rural and urban Drinking water treatment and storage only SODIS provision SODIS Prospective design No water supply intervention Water treatment and/or storage intervention No household sanitation intervention No hygiene intervention 6 Improved Improved Child not from immunocompromised household No community-wide sanitation intervention 0.011267606 0.961956522 0.818756069 Randomised controlled trial Community sanitation improved -0.038786024 Improved water supply High risk all Death in children aged under 5 Abou-Ali et al. 2010 Egypt Rural and urban Water supply only Piped water provision 0 Retrospective design Water supply intervention No water treatment or storage intervention No household sanitation intervention No hygiene intervention 60 Improved Unimproved Child not from immunocompromised household No community-wide sanitation intervention 0.0199 0.626893632 0.194574333 Non-randomised study Household sanitation improved -0.4669784 Improved water supply High risk all Diarrhoea death in children aged under 5 Galiani et al. 2005 Argentina Urban Multiple WASH Privatisation of piped water supply and sanitation services 0 Retrospective design Water supply intervention No water treatment or storage intervention Household sanitation intervention No hygiene intervention 120 Improved Improved Child not from immunocompromised household No community-wide sanitation intervention 0.000565934 0.817153541 0.133311867 Non-randomised study Community sanitation improved -0.20192827 Improved water supply Some concerns all Death in children aged under 5 Luby et al. 2018 Bangladesh Rural Sanitation only Latrine and potty provision 0 Prospective design No water supply intervention No water treatment or storage intervention Household sanitation intervention No hygiene intervention 22 Improved Improved Child not from immunocompromised household No community-wide sanitation intervention 0.025218629 0.85773115 0.325821029 Randomised controlled trial Community sanitation improved -0.15346457 Improved water supply Some concerns all Death in children aged under 5 Ercumen et al. 2015a Bangladesh Rural Drinking water treatment and storage only Safe storage provision 0 Prospective design No water supply intervention Water treatment and/or storage intervention No household sanitation intervention No hygiene intervention 14 Improved Unimproved Child not from immunocompromised household No community-wide sanitation intervention 0.002900653 0.516100179 1.416070307 Randomised controlled trial Household sanitation improved -0.66145438 Improved water supply Some concerns all Death in children aged under 5 Clasen et al. 2014 India Rural Multiple WASH "Subsidy, sanitation marketing and handwashing promotion" 0 Prospective design No water supply intervention No water treatment or storage intervention Household sanitation intervention Hygiene intervention 18 Improved Unimproved Child not from immunocompromised household Community-wide sanitation intervention 0.004664514 0.878178593 0.411087989 Randomised controlled trial Community sanitation improved -0.1299053 Improved water supply Some concerns all Death in children aged under 5 Humphrey et al. 2019 Zimbabwe Rural Multiple WASH "Chlorine provision, latrine provision, handwashing with soap" Chlorine Prospective design No water supply intervention Water treatment and/or storage intervention Household sanitation intervention Hygiene intervention 18 Improved Unimproved Child not from immunocompromised household No community-wide sanitation intervention 0.036114121 0.964091404 0.20546729 Randomised controlled trial Household sanitation improved -0.036569171 Improved water supply Some concerns all Diarrhoea death in children aged under 5 Semenza et al. 1998 Uzbekistan Urban Multiple WASH "Chlorine, safe storage and hygiene education" Chlorine Prospective design No water supply intervention Water treatment and/or storage intervention No household sanitation intervention Hygiene intervention 2.192307692 Improved Improved Child not from immunocompromised household No community-wide sanitation intervention 0.171588847 0.17740113 1.556932333 Randomised controlled trial Community sanitation improved -1.7293419 Improved water supply High risk dry Death in children aged under 5 Granados and Sanchez 2013 Colombia Rural and urban Multiple WASH Decentralised water supply and sewerage 0 Retrospective design Water supply intervention No water treatment or storage intervention Household sanitation intervention No hygiene intervention 120 Improved Improved Child not from immunocompromised household No community-wide sanitation intervention 1.2787E-05 Non-randomised study Community sanitation improved Improved water supply High risk all Death in children aged under 5 Instituto Apoyo 2000 Honduras Rural Multiple WASH "Piped water, latrines and sewer drainage" 0 Retrospective design Water supply intervention No water treatment or storage intervention Household sanitation intervention No hygiene intervention 36 Improved Improved Child not from immunocompromised household No community-wide sanitation intervention 0.06 0.534643226 0.295088385 Non-randomised study Community sanitation improved -0.62615561 Improved water supply High risk all Diarrhoea death in children aged under 5 Granados and Sanchez 2013 Colombia Rural and urban Multiple WASH Decentralised water supply and sewerage 0 Retrospective design Water supply intervention No water treatment or storage intervention Household sanitation intervention No hygiene intervention 120 Improved Improved Child not from immunocompromised household No community-wide sanitation intervention 3.96E-06 Non-randomised study Community sanitation improved Improved water supply High risk all Death in children aged under 5 Nicholson et al. 2014 India Urban Hygiene promotion only Soap provision and social marketing 0 Prospective design No water supply intervention No water treatment or storage intervention No household sanitation intervention Hygiene intervention 9.461538462 Improved Unimproved Child not from immunocompromised household No community-wide sanitation intervention 0.001326666 1.844660194 1.225662408 Randomised controlled trial Household sanitation improved 0.61229509 Improved water supply High risk all Diarrhoea death in children aged under 5 Ryder et al. 1985 Panama Rural Water supply only Piped water provision 0 Retrospective design Water supply intervention No water treatment or storage intervention No household sanitation intervention No hygiene intervention 7 Unimproved Unimproved Child not from immunocompromised household No community-wide sanitation intervention 0.089753179 0.613186813 0.745033578 Non-randomised study Household sanitation improved -0.48908564 Improved water supply High risk dry Death in children aged under 5 Rhee et al. 2008 Nepal Rural Hygiene promotion only Handwashing with soap and water 0 Prospective design No water supply intervention No water treatment or storage intervention No household sanitation intervention Hygiene intervention 1 Improved Unimproved Child not from immunocompromised household No community-wide sanitation intervention 0.0218 0.554562094 0.199509475 Non-randomised study Household sanitation improved -0.58957648 Improved water supply High risk all Death in children aged under 5 Ercumen et al. 2015a Bangladesh Rural Drinking water treatment and storage only Chlorine provision and safe storage Chlorine Prospective design No water supply intervention Water treatment and/or storage intervention No household sanitation intervention No hygiene intervention 14 Improved Unimproved Child not from immunocompromised household No community-wide sanitation intervention 0.002900653 1.043399638 1.226896297 Randomised controlled trial Household sanitation improved 0.042484265 Improved water supply Some concerns all Death in children aged under 5 Rasella 2003 Brazil Urban Multiple WASH Piped water and sanitation 0 Prospective design Water supply intervention No water treatment or storage intervention Household sanitation intervention No hygiene intervention 36 Improved Improved Child not from immunocompromised household No community-wide sanitation intervention 0.0249 0.856936437 0.25658044 Non-randomised study Community sanitation improved -0.15439153 Improved water supply High risk all Death in children aged under 5 Ram et al. 2017 Bangladesh Rural Hygiene promotion only Handwashing station and promotion 0 Prospective design No water supply intervention No water treatment or storage intervention No household sanitation intervention Hygiene intervention 1 Improved Unimproved Child not from immunocompromised household No community-wide sanitation intervention 0.018348624 0.685897436 0.556380688 Randomised controlled trial Household sanitation improved -0.37702718 Improved water supply Some concerns all Death in children aged under 5 Mengistie et al. 2013 Ethiopia Rural Drinking water treatment and storage only Chlorine provision Chlorine Prospective design No water supply intervention Water treatment and/or storage intervention No household sanitation intervention No hygiene intervention 3.692307692 Improved Unimproved Child not from immunocompromised household No community-wide sanitation intervention 0.007719715 0.329416373 1.63444026 Randomised controlled trial Household sanitation improved -1.1104327 Improved water supply Some concerns wet Death in children aged under 5 Galiani et al. 2005 Argentina Urban Multiple WASH Privatisation of piped water supply and sanitation services 0 Retrospective design Water supply intervention No water treatment or storage intervention Household sanitation intervention No hygiene intervention 120 Improved Improved Child not from immunocompromised household No community-wide sanitation intervention 0.00625 0.910898966 0.047283802 Non-randomised study Community sanitation improved -0.09332329 Improved water supply Some concerns all Death in children aged under 5 Cole et al. 2012 South Africa (formal) Urban Hygiene promotion only Soap provision and health education 0 Prospective design No water supply intervention No water treatment or storage intervention No household sanitation intervention Hygiene intervention 6 Improved Improved Child not from immunocompromised household No community-wide sanitation intervention 0.016949153 0.289846154 1.552546338 Non-randomised study Community sanitation improved -1.238405 Improved water supply High risk dry